Suffering and torture inflicted on innocent civilians with apparent impunity. The German concentration camps of World War II, the horrors of the Vietnam War, the rape and brutality during the break-up of Yugoslavia and the Hutu massacres of Tutsis in Rwanda. these are all abhorrent violations of the laws and customs of war, yet some of the worst abuses escape the classification of War Crime as they were not actually committed during armed conflict. Among these are Stalin's ethnic cleansing and his destruction of the Kulaks, the terror of the Khmer Rouge and Mao's collectivizations.